Identify how the matching principle influences the inclusion of items in the tax base and apportionment factor, using Microsoft and Sugar Beets as examples.

Recognize how recent court decisions in states like California and Minnesota impact SALT compliance, particularly in relation to unitary business definitions and income apportionment.

Recall the tax implications of digital advertising and information services under evolving state tax laws, including constitutional challenges and federal limitations.

Distinguish how advisors can interpret and respond to complex sourcing and statute of limitation rules in light of recent case law, such as Temple-Inland and Mastercard.